Đề giữa kỳ Logic học hệ E - Logic Học UEL

lOMoARcPSD| 69237702 Logic Midterm Examination (Questions 1–40) Q1. Determine the argument pattern of the following argument: The conditions under which many food animals are raised are unhealthy for humans. To keep these animals alive, large quantities of drugs must be administered. These drugs remain in the animals’ flesh and are passed on to the humans who eat it. • A. Horizontal pattern • B. Vertical pattern • C. Conjoint premises • D. Multiple conclusion Q2. Determine the subject term of the following categorical proposition: Some corporations that are operating in the United States are not enterprises that are earning a profit. • A. Some • B. corporations that are operating in the United States • C. enterprises that are earning a profit • D. corporations Q3. Classify the following proposition "No flight delays are occurrences welcomed by passengers". • A. I-type • B. A-type • C. E-type • D. O-type Q4. Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form? • A. Not all peace treaties are viable arrangements. B. Some Persian cats are pure white. • C. No action movies are occasions for relaxation. D. Few novels are books worth reading. Q5. Given the categorical proposition "Some teaching careers are not rewarding occupations." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is: • A. Some teaching careers are rewarding occupations. • B. All teaching careers are unrewarding occupations. • C. No teaching careers are rewarding occupations. • D. All teaching careers are rewarding occupations. Q6. Given the categorical proposition "No corporations are real persons." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is: • A. No real persons are corporations. • B. Some corporations are not real persons. • C. All corporations are real persons. • D. Some corporations are real persons. Q7. Given the categorical proposition "All Emmy winners are celebrities." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is: • A. No Emmy winners are people who are not celebrities. • B. All people who are not celebrities are people who are not Emmy winners. • C. No Emmy winners are celebrities. • D. Some Emmy winners are not celebrities. Q8. Determine the Venn diagram of the following proposition (from the Aristotelian standpoint, assuming that S refers to existing things): All S are P. • A. Area 1 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 2. • B. Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. lOMoARcPSD| 69237702 • C. Area 3 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 2. D. There is an X in Area 2 only. Q9. Transform the following categorical proposition into standard form: Soft drinks are not alcoholic. • A. No things identical to soft drinks are things identical to alcoholic beverages. • B. Some soft drinks are not alcoholic beverages. • C. All soft drinks are not alcoholic beverages. D. No soft drinks are alcoholic beverages. Q10. Determine the validity of the following immediate inference: All treasury notes are secure investments. Therefore, all secure investments are treasury notes. • A. Invalid, illicit obversion. • B. Invalid, illicit conversion. • C. Invalid, illicit contrary. • D. Valid, no fallacy Q11. Which of the following sentences is a statement? • A. What is the density of gold? • B. Look! • C. You failed the last test. • D. Stop playing and come in for dinner. Q12. Determine the conclusion of the following passage: Given that figure A is a triangle, and one of its sides has a length of 1 foot. It follows that its area is less than 1 square foot. • A. There is no conclusion B. figure A is a triangle. • C. one of its sides has a length of 1 foot. D. its area is less than 1 square foot. Q13. Determine the conclusion of the following argument: Marketing to consumers via the Internet has many advantages for marketers. It allows products and services to be offered 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. It allows products to be offered globally in an efficient manner. And it is cost efficient, saving the need for stores, paper catalogs, and sales people. • A. Marketing to consumers via the Internet has many advantages for marketers. • B. It allows products and services to be offered 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. • C. It allows products to be offered globally in an efficient manner. • D. it is cost efficient, saving the need for stores, paper catalogs, and sales people. Q14. Determine the conclusion of the following passage: We can distinguish three aspects of any sound. First, there must be a source for a sound; and as with any source, the source of a sound wave is a vibrating object. Second, the energy is transferred from the source in the form of longitudinal sound waves. And third, the sound is detected by an ear or an instrument. • A. We can distinguish three aspects of any sound. • B. Third, the sound is detected by an ear or an instrument. • C. First, there must be a source for a sound … vibrating object. D. There is no conclusion. Q15. Classify the following sentence: If the interest rate rises, then investment will fall. • A. An argument • B. A conditional statement • C. An explanation • D. A statement of belief Q16. Classify and evaluate the following argument: If interest rates rise, then home sales will decline. Thus, if interest rates rise, then real estate prices will drop, because if home sales decline, then real estate prices will drop. • A. Deductive, valid • B. Deductive, invalid • C. Inductive, strong D. Inductive, weak lOMoARcPSD| 69237702 Q17. Classify and evaluate the following argument: Some heart attacks are not fatal occurrences, and no strokes are heart attacks. Thus, some strokes are not fatal occurrences. • A. Deductive, valid • B. Inductive, strong • C. Deductive, invalid D. Inductive, weak Q18. Classify and evaluate the following argument: James Watson, co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule, says that Charles Darwin is the most important person to have ever lived. Therefore, it must be the case that Charles Darwin is indeed the most important person to have ever lived. • A. Inductive, strong • B. Deductive, invalid • C. Inductive, weak • D. Deductive, valid Q19. Classify and evaluate the following argument: If stun guns are safe, then police officers will use them. Stun guns are not safe. Therefore, police officers will not use them. • A. Inductive, strong • B. Inductive, weak • C. Deductive, invalid D. Deductive, valid Q20. Classify and evaluate the following argument: Harry just bought a brand new car. Thus, Harry must have won the lottery. • A. Deductive, invalid • B. Inductive, invalid • C. Deductive, valid • D. Inductive, weak Q21. Given the following syllogism: All M are P. / All M are S. // Some S are P. Determine the Venn diagram (from the Aristotelian standpoint, assuming that M refers to existing things). • A. Areas 2, 3, and 4 are shaded, and there are no other marks. • B. Areas 1, 2, and 4 are shaded, and there are no other marks. • C. Areas 2, 3, and 4 are shaded, and there is an X in area 1. • D. Areas 1, 2, and 4 are shaded, and there is an X in area 3. Q22. Commit the fallacy of the following syllogism: Some P are M. / No M are S. // Some S are P. • A. Undistributed middle • B. Invalid, illicit major • C. Exclusive premises (two negative premises) • D. Valid, no fallacy Q23. Commit the fallacy of the following syllogism: All M are P. / Some M are S. // Some S are not P. • A. Exclusive premises • B. Illicit major • C. Undistributed middle • D. Valid, no fallacy Q24. How many of the following statements are true? (S1): If a standard-form categorical syllogism violates one of the first four rules, it may still be valid from the Aristotelian standpoint. (S2): If a valid standard-form syllogism has an E statement as its conclusion, then both the major and minor terms must be distributed in the premises. (S3): If a standard-form syllogism has two I statements as premises, then it is invalid. lOMoARcPSD| 69237702 • A. 0 • B. 1 • C. 2 • D. 3 Q25. Commit the fallacy of the following argument: Some low-priced products are best-selling items. Therefore, some items that are best-selling are expensive products. • A. Illicit conversion. • B. Illicit contraposition. C. Existential fallacy. D. Illicit subcontrary Q26. The following argument is valid or not? Some P are M. / No M are S. // Some S are P. • A. Invalid, drawing an affirmative conclusion from a negative premise. • B. Invalid, illicit major. • C. Invalid, existential fallacy. D. Valid, no fallacy. Q27. Is the following argument valid (from the Aristotelian standpoint)? It is false that no exercise machines are cumbersome devices. Therefore, all exercise machines are cumbersome devices. • A. Invalid, existential fallacy. • B. Invalid, illicit contrary. • C. Invalid, illicit contraposition. D. Invalid, illicit subcontrary. Q28. Determine the standard form: Some S are R. / No B are S. / All R are H. / All M are B. // Some H are not M. • A. All M are B. / No B are S. / Some S are R. / All R are H. // Some H are not M. • B. All R are H. / Some H are not M. / All M are B. / No B are S. // Some S are R. C. All R are H. / Some S are R. / No B are S. / All M are B. // Some H are not M. • D. All R are H. / Some S are R. / All M are B. / No B are S. // Some H are not M. Q29. Determine the first intermediate conclusion of the sorites: Some S are R. / No B are S. / All R are H. / All M are B. • A. Some S are H. • B. Some R are not B. • C. All M are S. D. No S are M. Q30. The sorites, Some G are A. / No G are K. / All N are K. / All F are N. // No F are A, is: • A. Invalid because one of the middle terms is undistributed. • B. Invalid because a term is distributed in the conclusion but not in the premise. • C. Invalid because the conclusion is negative but three premises are affirmative. are broken. Q31. Determine the obverse of the proposition: No non-A are non-B. D. Valid because no rules • A. All non-A are B. • B. No non-B are non-A. • C. No B are A. • D. All non-A are non-B. Q32. Determine the contrapositive of the following proposition: Some non-A are not B. • A. Some A are not non-B • B. Some B are not non-A C. Some non-B are not A D. Some B are not A Q33. Commit the fallacy of the argument: No food Hanoi pho is a spicy dish. Therefore, no spicy dish is Hanoi pho. • A. Illicit subalternation. B. Illicit conversion. lOMoARcPSD| 69237702 • C. Illicit contraposition. D. Valid, no fallacy. Q34. Which operation is used to transform the statement "Some A are not non-B." into "Some A are B." • A. Contraposition. • B. Conversion. • C. Contrary. • D. Obversion. Q35. After applying the contrary relation, the following statement, "All A are B.", becomes: • A. No A are B. B. All B are A. • C. Some A are B. D. No B are A. Q36. Which operation(s) and/or relation(s) are used to prove the validity of the argument: It is false that no unhealthy things to ingest are food additives. Therefore, some food additives are not healthy things to ingest. • A. Obversion, conversion, and contradictory relation • B. Obversion, and contradictory relation • C. Contraposition, obversion, and contrary relation • D. Contraposition, and contrary relation Q37. Determine the form (mood and figure) of the following syllogism: Some great scientists are famous people. No TV stars are great scientists. So, some TV stars are not famous people. • A. IEO-1 • B. IEO-2 • C. IEO-3 • D. EIO-2 Q38. Determine the standard form of the following argument: All evangelicals (E) are political conservatives (P), so some fundamentalists (F) are evangelicals, since some fundamentalists are political conservatives. • A. All P are E / Some P are F // Some F are E. B. All E are P / Some F are P // Some F are E. • C. All E are P / Some F are E // Some F are P. • D. Some F are P / Some F are E // All P are E. Q39. Identify the mood and figure of the following syllogism: "Some African nations are not countries deserving military aid, because some African nations are not