Keyword revision - TACN 1 (Tiếng anh thương mại nâng cao 1) FTU

ESP111-REVISION WRITING 1 1. A PROCESS is a set of interrelated activities that transform inputs into outputs. (01 word) 2. Lean production is the production of goods and services with the MINIMUM WASTE of resources. (02 words) TOLERANCE is the amount by which a parameter (size,…) can vary from the norm before the piece becomes a defect. (mức độ sai số có thể thay đổi trước khi thành lỗi) 3. The KAIZEN is a Japanese term that means continuous improvement through small and incremental changes. (01 word) 4. PRODUCTION RUN is a period of producing one particular product without adapting the production equipment. (CHU KỲ SẢN XUẤT – GIAI ĐOẠN SẢN XUẤT 1 SP CỤ THỂ MÀ KHÔNG CẦN ĐIỀU CHỈNH THIẾT BỊ SX-> MÁY MÓC THIẾT BỊ GIỮ NGUYÊN TRONG SUỐT CHU KỲ, HIỆU QUẢ VÀ TIẾT KIỆM ) 5. If you have a long delivery LEAD TIME, there is always a risk that some customers may go to other suppliers or that new competitors will enter the market. (02 words) 6. JOB PRODUCTION This is where products are made specifically to order; for example, a customer would order a particular dish, and the producer would make it. (02 words) 7. FLOW PRODUCTION is sometimes referred to as mass production because of the large quantity of a standardized product that is produced. (02 words) 8. __________ __________ is the level of output that maximizes the profit of a firm in the long run. It occurs when the marginal revenue is equal to the marginal cost and the average cost is minimized. (02 words) 9. QUALITY CONTROL is the checking for quality at the end of the production process, whether it is the production of a product or a service. (02 words) 10. QUALITY ASSURANCE is the checking for quality standards throughout the production process, whether it is the production of a product or a service. (02 words) 11. TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT is the continuous improvement of products and processes by focusing on quality at each stage of production. (03 words) 12. KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS are statistical measures of how well an organization is doing in particular areas. This term is particularly common in production and operations but is used throughout businesses. (03 words) 13. SIX SIGMA is the name of a well-known quality methodology. It takes a highly disciplined approach to eliminating defects in manufacturing. This term originally came from statistics. (02 words) 14. LAGGING INDICATORS are those that show a result. For example, warranty claims are a lagging indicator of quality. Fewer claims mean that earlier actions to improve quality are now working (a lag is a delay between two events). (02 words) 15. LEADING INDICATORS are those that are a future outcome. For example, predicted levels of staff satisfaction are often a leading indicator of quality. A more motivated workforce will make fewer mistakes. (02 words) 16. NONCONFORMANCE is when a requirement has not been met. It does not need to be a serious defect; it could be a simple mark on the surface that spoils the appearance. ) (KHÔNG ĐẠT YÊU CẦU) 17. BENCHMARKING is the action of measuring your performance against other companies that are best in class and then using the information to improve. (01 word 18. HYGIENE FACTOR are the factors that must be present in the workplace to prevent job dissatisfaction. (02 words) 19. A JOINT VENTURE forms when two or more businesses agree to start a new project together, sharing the capital, the risks and the profits. Many European companies have set up joint ventures in China with Chinese businesses, as the local managers will have good knowledge of market needs and consumer tastes. (02 words) 20. ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE refers to the ability of a nation to produce a good more efficiently than any other nation. (02 words) 21. MOTIVATION factors that influence the behavior of workers towards achieving business goals. 22. JOB SATISFACTION The enjoyment a worker gets from feeling that they have done a good job. There are three ways to motivate workers to be more committed to their job and work more effectively: 23. JOB ROTATION (swapping workers round and only doing a specific task for a limited time before swapping round again). 24. JOB ENLARGEMENT (extra tasks are added to the job to make it more interesting) 25. JOB ENRICHMENT (adding tasks that require more skill and/or responsibility) 26. THEORY X The average person does not like work. Workers must be constantly supervised so they will work. Motivation is from external factors, e.g. pay schemes where the workers are paid more for increased output. 27 THEORY Y The average person is motivated by internal factors. To motivate workers, you need to find ways to help workers take an interest in their work, e.g. give rewards, incentives. 28 MASLOW ‘S HIERACHY OF NEEDS A theory of motivation which states that five categories of human needs dictate an individual's behavior. Those needs are physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. 29 FREDERICK HERZBERG’S MOTIVATION THEORY .Humans have two sets of needs: one is for the basic needs, which he called hygiene factors or needs, and the second is for a human being to be able to grow psychologically, which he called motivational needs or motivators. 30. HYGIENE FACTORS The factors that must be present in the workplace to prevent job dissatisfaction. 31 MANAGEMENT The process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling people and other organizational resources. 32 MANAGER An individual who is in charge of a certain group off tasks, or a certain area or department of a business. 33 CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER The most senior manager responsible for the overall performance and success of a company. 34 PLANNING A management function that includes anticipating trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve organizational goals and objectives. 35 ORGANIZING A management function that includes designing the structure of the organization and creating conditions and systems in which everyone and everything work together to achieve the organization’s goals and objectives. 36 LEADING Creating a vision for the organization and guiding, training, coaching, and motivating others to work effectively to achieve the organization’s goals and objectives. 37 CONTROLLING A management function that involves establishing clear standards to determine whether or not an organization is progressing toward its goals and objectives, rewarding people for doing a good job, and taking corrective action if they are not. 18…………….. The extent to which a job demands different skills. 19………… The degree to which a job has a visible outcome. 20. …………………… The degree to which a job has an impact on the work of others. 21…………..The degree of freedom and choice that people have in scheduling work and determining procedures. 22. ………………The amount of direct and dear information that is received about performance. 23…………… combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment 24…………….. - moving employees from one job to another. 45 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE The levels of management and division of responsibilities within an organization. 46 HIERARCHY The levels of management in any organization, from the highest to the lowest. A level of hierarchy refers to managers/ supervisors, other employees who are given a similar level of responsibility in an organization. 47 CHAIN OF COMMAND The structure in an organization which allows instructions to be passed down from senior management to lower levels of management. 48. SPAN OF CONTROL The number of subordinates working directly under a manager. 49 DIRECTOR Senior managers who lead a particular department or division of a business. 50 LINE MANAGER People who have responsibility for people below them in the hierarchy of an organization. 51 SUPERVISOR Junior managers who have direct control over the employees below them in the organizational structure. 52 STAFF MANAGER Specialists who provide support, information and assistance to line managers. 53 DELEGATION Giving a subordinate the authority to perform a particular task. 54 DECENTRALIZATION Taking decision away from the centre of an organization- way from the Head Office. 55 GLOCALIZATION is a combination of the words "globalization" and "localization." The term is used to describe a product or service that is developed and distributed globally but is also adjusted to accommodate the user or consumer in a local market. 56 CULTURE is defined as the complex system of values, traits, morals, and customs shared by a society. 57 CONTEXT refers to the stimuli , environment, or ambience surrounding an event. 58 THE LEWIS MODEL was developed by linguist and leading cross-cultural specialist Richard D. Lewis. The model divides humans into 3 clear categories, based not on nationality or religion but on BEHAVIOUR, namely, Linear-active tuyến tính, Multi-active and Reactive. 59. HIGH – CONTEXT CULTURE is a culture by which the rules of communication are primarily and dominantly transmitted through the use of contextual elements. These include specific forms of body language, the social or familial status of an individual, and the tone of voice employed during speech. High-context cultures usually do not have rules that are explicitly written or stated. 60 LOW-CONTEXT CULTURE refers to a culture whereby most communications take place through verbal language and rules are directly written out or stated for all to view. 61 POWER DISTANCE is the distribution of power among individuals within a culture and how well unequal levels of power are accepted by those with less power. 62 RECRUITMENT the process from identifying that the business needs to employ someone up to the point at which applications have arrived at the business. 63 EMPLOYEE SELECTION the process of evaluating candidates for a specific job and selecting an individual for employment based on the needs of the organisation. 64 JOB ANALYSIS - identifies and records the responsibilities and tasks relating to a job. 65 JOB DESCRIPTION outlines the responsibilities and duties to be carried out by someone employed to do a specific job. 66 JOB SPECIFICATION a document which outlines the requirements, qualifications, expertise, physical characteristics, etc., for a specified job. 67 INTERNAL RECRUITMENT when a vacancy is filled by someone who is an existing employee of the business. 68 EXTERNAL RECRUITMENT when a vacancy is filled by someone who is not an existing employee and will be new to the business. 69 INDUCTION TRAINING an introduction given to a new employee, explaining the business’s activities, customs and procedures and introducing them to their fellow workers. 70 ON-THE-JOB TRAINING occurs by watching a more experienced worker doing the job. 71 OFF-THE-JOB TRAINING involves being trained awayfrom the workplace, usuallyby specialist trainers 72 PRIMARY SECTOR of industry extracts and uses the natural resources of Earth to produce raw materials used by other businesses. 73 SECONDARY SECTOR of industry manufactures goods using the raw materials provided by the primary sector. 74 TERTIATY SECTOR of industry provides services to consumers and the other sectors of industry. 75 MIXED ECONOMY has both a private sector and a public (state) sector. 76 PUBLIC SECTOR the sector of the economy in which organisations are owned and controlled by the state (government) 77 PRIVATE SECTOR The sector of the economy in which organisations are owned and controlled by individuals. 78 PRIVATISATION The sale of state-owned assets such as public corporations to the private sector. 79 SOLE TRADER a business owned and operated by one person. 80 LIMITED LIABILITIES the liability of shareholders in a company is limited to only the amount they invested. 81 UNLIMITED LIABILITIES the owners of a business can be held responsible for the debts of the business they own. Their liability is not limited to the investment they made in t