Quản trị chuỗi cung ứng UEH - Lý thuyết chương 7

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Chapter Seven McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives LO7–1: Understand what a manufacturing process is. ¨ LO7–2: Explain how manufacturing processes are organized. ¨ LO7–3: Analyze simple manufacturing processes. ¨ 7-2 Production Processes ¨ Production processes are used to make any manufactured item. ¤ Step 1 – Source the parts needed ¤ Step 2 – Make the product ¤ Step 3 – Deliver the product 7-3 Production Process Terms Lead time – the time needed to respond to a customer order ¨ Customer order decoupling point – where inventory is positioned to allow entities in the supply chain to operate independently ¨ Lean manufacturing – a means of achieving high levels of customer service with minimal inventory investment ¨ 7-4 Types of Firms Make-to-Stock • Serve customers from finished goods inventory Assemble-to-Order • Combine a number of preassembled modules to meet a customer’s specifications Make-to-Order • Make the customer’s product from raw materials, parts, and components Engineer-to-Order • Work with the customer to design and then make the product 7-5 Make-to-Stock ¨ Examples of products include the following: ¤ Televisions ¤ Clothing ¤ Packaged food products ¨ Essential issue in satisfying customers is to balance the level of inventory against the level of customer service. ¤ Easy with unlimited inventory, but inventory costs money ¤ Trade-off between the costs of inventory and level of customer service must be made. ¨ Use lean manufacturing to achieve higher service levels for a given inventory investment. 7-6 Assemble-to-Order ¨ A primary task is to define a customer’s order in terms of alternative components because these are carried in inventory. ¤ An example is the way Dell Computer makes their desktop computers. One capability required is a design that enables as much flexibility as possible in combining components. ¨ There are significant advantages from moving the customer order decoupling point from finished goods to components. ¨ 7-7 Make-to-Order/Engineer-to-Order Boeing’s process for making commercial aircraft is an example. ¨ Customer order decoupling point could be in either raw materials at the manufacturing site or the supplier inventory. ¨ Depending on how similar the products are, it might not even be possible to preorder parts. ¨ 7-8